The Misinterpretation of the Concept of Jihad Is the Reason behind the Clash within Different Sects of Islam Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The misinterpretation of the term jihad beyond its meaning resulted in its double meaning and misuse. As pointed out, misinterpretation altered the basic meaning of jihad beyond its spiritual undertone. In a real sense, the concept of jihad helped the prophet to strengthen cohesiveness among the believers of monotheism. To be specific, jihad was helpful for Islamic believers to maintain supremacy over other religious groups in the Middle East. The prophet depended upon the violent aspect of jihad to maintain his supremacy within his public sphere. Gradually, some of the believers began to consider that holy war is their duty towards their religious belief. Halim Rane states that Many contemporary scholars consider peace to be a certain aim of Islam, but view the use of armed force as necessary in certain circumstances (142). This difference in interpretation resulted in violence and bloodshed related to religious belief. So, one can see that the real aim of jihad is not to kill the non-believers, but to restore peaceful coexistence among different religious groups. One can see that the meaning of jihad differs from groups and individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on The Misinterpretation of the Concept of Jihad Is the Reason behind the Clash within Different Sects of Islam or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page To be specific, the innocent believers thought that the ultimate aim of the jihadists is to restore peace and to regain the lost popularity of Islam. When the fundamentalists began to introduce strict laws (say, Sharia), the believers protested, but for vain.

War On Women The Gender War Caused By Radical Feminism

War on Women: the Gender War caused by Radical Feminism Many will agree the United States– and the world– has come a long way in providing civil rights to all, regardless of race, religion, sex, and sexuality, among others. However, not all will agree to this– namely those who self-identify as â€Å"feminist.† Before I continue discussing the issue, I must disclaim I am of course in favor of equal rights and supporting those who have had rights denied– sometimes called â€Å"equity feminism.† However, the â€Å"nobility†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ for lack of a better word– of feminism has become diminished by the actions and views of the contemporary women s movement as a whole, which is often regarded to as â€Å"radical feminism.† In this, I hope to outline the logistical†¦show more content†¦Again, I attribute this not only to the modern feminist movement but to society as a whole; however, I have noticed a trend among feminist leaders who blindly accept statistics without further examination and believe them to be true. This blind faith in statistics contributes to what I believe to be a wild overstatement of oppression in a society of prosperous women. For example, many feminists are eager to cite the common statistic that women earn, on average, only 76 cents for every dollar a man earns. Furthermore, it was found males were six times more likely enter science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields than females. In order to combat this â€Å"problem,† there exists the Women’s Educational Equity movement, which uses the equity law Title IX to advance women in STEM fields through grants and programs specifically designed to â€Å"increase opportunities for women in technologically demanding workplaces† (CITE THE ACT HERE). This movement is made with the assumption that sexism and discrimination are the primary reasons why there are fewer women than men in STEM fields. Howev er, when women account for 57% of all Bachelor’s Degrees and 59% of Master s Degrees in 2011 it suggests there is not a lack of opportunity, but a lack of interest. The wage gap is a byproduct of this– it fails to account for high paying jobs found in high echelons (e.g., lawyer, engineer, etc.) and high risk jobs (e.g., telephone maintenance workers, oil well

ryanair management - 2459 Words

Table of Contents Objectives 2 Introduction to management 3-5 Functions of management 6-7 Benefits of management 8-9 How to improve management? .10-11 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Biblography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Objectives In this short project we will be discussing why management is important within an organisation. The organisation we will be reviewing is Ryanair. ïÆ'Ëœ What is management? ïÆ'Ëœ Functions of management ïÆ'Ëœ Why is management important in an organisation? ïÆ'Ëœ What are the benefits of management in an organisation? ïÆ'Ëœ How can management be improved in an organisation?†¦show more content†¦Planning: Planning is the foundation of all the functions of management upon which the other three areas should be built. During planning, management must evaluate the company’s current situation and then developing strategies to achieve these goals, this is called strategic planning. The strategic plan of Ryanair has been to establish itself as Europe’s leading low-fares airline.† Ryanair aims to offer low fares that generate increased passenger traffic while maintaining a continuous focus on cost-containment and operating efficiencies.† (www.ryanair.com) Organising: To accomplish the goals outlined during the planning phase managers need to link employees, responsibilities, and resources together through organisation. Henri Fayol stated that â€Å"To organize a business is to provide it with everything useful or its functioning i.e. raw material, tools, capital and personnel’s†. Managers at Ryanair implemented a strategy to keep operation costs low by limiting its fleet primarily to three variants of a single type of aircraft from a single manufacturer most of which are Boeing 737, this reduces the cost of personal training, maintenance and the purchase and storage of spare parts. It also leads to greater flexibility among crews as pilots and engineers are familiar with the aircraft. (www.ryanair.com) Leading: Leaders motivate and communicate with employees, this involves daily personal contact with people to guide and inspire them towardShow MoreRelatedManagement Assignment Ryanair5707 Words   |  23 PagesBusiness Management (BM291) Assignment Date: 30/11/09 â€Æ' Table of Contents Introduction 3 Q1. Manager Profile Job Description 3 Assignment 3 Key Accountabilities: 3 Management Roles 4 Meeting challenges 4 Reporting 4 Summary of work experience educational attainment 5 Organisational Chart 6 Q2. Comparisons against Fayol’s key managerial roles 7 Q3. Future challenges of the Ryanair Director of Operations 10 Q4. Effectiveness of the Manager 11 Bibliography 13 QuestionnaireRead MoreOperation and Strategy management for Ryanair2421 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ MSc Management Strategy and Operations Management 2013 / 2014 - GLASGOW MMN220511 Shaishav Kharwar (Mat No: 200813679) Course work 1 Resit Report on RYANAIR Module Leader Dr.Colin Combe Introduction The company chosen in this report is Ryanair in the airline industry. Ryanair is a low cost budget airline travelling across 1600 routes from 57 bases connecting 180 destinations in 29 different countries (RyanairRead MoreLow-Cost Carriers vs Full-Service Airlines905 Words   |  4 Pagesthe other using a Full-service airline. The airlines that will be used in the research are Aer Lingus and Ryanair running in a fully developed European market, and Malaysia Airlines and Air Asia currently functioning on a recent developing domestic market in Asia. After conducting the survey, results show that the younger people are more likely to use Low-Cost service carriers with Ryanair accounting for 24% and Air Asia with 47% who all belong in the age group of under 25 years. 87% of the ageRead MoreRyanair Airlines And The Ryanair Airline1350 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough many articles which were published on the Ryanair Airline in Europe. To me, the online resources are more utilized as book r esources which can be dated back to 20th century or more. The article s which I read gives different facts and the information on marketing strategies which were used by the Ryanair Airline. Many of the contents are related to the work which I learned from this course on Airlines, and Airline Management and Marketing. The Ryanair Airline is known for its low airfare andRead MoreE-Commerce Strategies for Airasia1576 Words   |  7 PagesSTRATEGIES Low cost per average seat kilometer AirAsia focused on ensuring a competitive cost structure as its main business strategy. It has been able to achieve a cost per average seat kilometer (ASK) of 2.5 cents, half that of Malaysia Airlines and Ryanair and a third that of EasyJet. AirAsia can lease the B737-300s aircraft at a very competitive market rates due to the harsh global market conditions for the second-hand aircrafts because of the September 11th event in 2001. Low distribution cost AirAsiaRead MoreRyan Air5684 Words   |  23 PagesManagement Questions. 1. Leadership a. Michael O’Leary is credited with the fabulous expansion of ryanair. Compare his managerial style with Richard Brandson of Virgin and Stelios Haj-Ioannou of Easy Jet. Do you see similarities, differences? O’Leary is said to have a pugnacious and aggressive management style, using a flat management hierarchy whose ethos is to provide a low cost, reliable and competitive service. Ryanair decided to hire O’Leary and sent him to the States for studyingRead MoreA Report On The Airline Business Industry2170 Words   |  9 Pagesrequirement to have outstanding leadership and culture to achieve a strong business operation and management. The two airlines discussed in this report are Ryan air being the main business of the report with Easyjet being the business for comparison and explanations in leadership styles and culture that are carried out and utilised. Both business offer the same services which are cheap fare flights. RyanAir and Easyjet: †¢ tickets are sold directly to customers †¢ Non luxury flights †¢ Singular type ofRead MoreDogfight over Europe: Ryanair (a) - Case Analysis975 Words   |  4 PagesIndian institute of management Dogfight Over Europe: Ryanair (A) | Case Analysis Overview Cathal Ryan and Declan Ryan have started Ryanair since 1985. For nearly a year, Ryanair had operated a 14-seat turboprop between Waterford and Gatwick Airport on the outskirts of London. The airline targeted low-fare segment market. It initiated service from London’s secondary airports. In terms of competition, Waterford and Gatwick didn’t pose any challenges. In 1986, Ryanair gained a license to operateRead MoreRelationship Marketing Ryanair3134 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction: Ryanair was established in the year 1985 by the RYAN family and has grown from a small airline flying a short hop from Waterford to London, into one of the Europe’s largest carriers. The company expanded and within 4 years it had 350 employees, 14 aircraft, and carried 600,000 passengers a year. It is currently serving to 26 European Countries with 148 destinations. It operates on 794 different routes daily serving by more than 1050 flights in a day. It has totally 169 aircraftsRead MoreEasyjet and Ryan Air2145 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Amicably, in today’s airline business industry leadership and culture is imperative and crucial in achieving strong business management and operation. There can be looking at the two airlines specifically, Easyjet and Ryan Air as the focus for explanation and discussion points. Ideally, the product services being offered by RyanAir are cheap fare flights that are most likely the same with Easyjet, offering economic flights to frequent passengers. The core discussion can center on these

Term Paper for Political Science free essay sample

The study of the state, government, and politics. The idea that the study of politics should be ‘scientific’ has excited controversy for centuries. What is at stake is the nature of our political knowledge, but the content of the argument has varied enormously. For example, 1741 when Hume published his essay, ‘That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science’, his concerns were very different from those of people who have sought to reduce politics to a science in the twentieth century. Although concerned to some degree to imitate the paradigm of Newtonian physics, Humes main objective was to show that some constitutions necessarily worked better than others and that politics was not just a question of personalities. Thus one of his main targets was the famous couplet in Alexander Popes Essay on Man: ‘For forms of government let fools contest,? |? Whateer is best administerd is best. ’ B. The Problem In 1968, the eminent political scientist David Easton wrote: Political Science in mid-twentieth century is a discipline in search of its identity. Through the efforts to solve this identity crisis it has begun to show evidence of emerging as an autonomous and independent discipline with a systematic structure of its own. However, the search for identity has been characteristic of political science from its inception on the American scene. Initially, the discipline was confronted with the task of demarcating its intellectual boundaries and severing its organizational ties from other academic fields, particularly history. Subsequently, debate arose over goals, methods, and appropriate subject matter as political scientists tried to resolve the often conflicting objectives of its four main scholarly traditions: (1) legalism, or constitutionalism; (2) activism and reform; (3) philosophy, or the history of political ideas; and (4) science. By the late twentieth century, the discipline had evolved through four periods outlined by Albert Somit and Joseph Tanenhaus in their informative work The Development of American Political Science: From Burgess to Behavioralism (1967). The four periods are the formative (1880–1903), the emergent (1903–1921), the middle years (1921–1945), and disciplinary maturity (1945–1990). It follows from this Kantian conception of the basis of science that there can only be one science, which is physics. This science applies just as much to people, who are physical beings, as it does to asteroids: like the theistic God, Kantian physics is unique or it is not itself. Biology, chemistry, engineering et al. re forms of physics, related and reducible to the fundamental constituents of the universe. The social studies are not, according to critics of political science, and become merely narrow and sterile if they attempt to ape the methods and assumptions of the natural sciences. The understanding we seek of human beings must appreciate their individual uniqueness and freedom of will; understanding people is based on our ability to see events from their point of view, the kind of insight that Weber called verstehen. In short, the distinction between science and non-science, in its most significant sense, is a distinction between the natural sciences and the humanities; the two are fundamentally different and politics is a human discipline. However, there are a number of objections to this harsh dichotomy between politics and science. Semantically, it might be said, this account reads too much into the concept of science which, etymologically, indicates only a concern with knowledge in virtually any sense. Wissenschaft in German, scienza in Italian, and science in French do not raise the profound philosophical questions which have been attached to the English word science. There are also many contemporary philosophers who seek to undermine the scientific nature of natural science. Inspired, particularly, by Thomas Kuhns The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) they argue that science itself is not determined by the absolute requirements of its discourse, but is structured by the societies in which it operates. Thus real physics is more like politics than it is like the Kantian ideal of physics, and it has no more claim to be a science than has politics. B . What are the four main scholarly traditions of Political science? C. What is legalism? D. What is constitutionalism? E. What is activism and reform? F. What is philosophy? G. The history of political ideas? H. Science C. Statement of the Problem (1) Legalism, or constitutionalism; (2) Activism and reform; (3) Philosophy, or the history of political ideas; and (4) Science. Legalism, Legalism is a political philosophy that does not address higher questions pertaining to the nature and purpose of existence. It is concerned with the most effective way of governing society. The legalist tradition derives from the principle that the best way to control human behaviour is through written law rather than through ritual, custom or ethics. The two principal sources of Legalist doctrine were the Book of Lord Shang and the Han Fei-tzu. The Book of Lord Shang teaches that laws are designed to maintain the stability of the state from the people, who are innately selfish and ignorant. There is no such thing as objective goodness or virtue; it is obedience that is of paramount importance. The Han Fei-tzu advocates a system of laws that enable the ruler to govern efficiently and even ruthlessly. Text books apart from law books are useless, and rival philosophies such as Moism and Confucianism are dismissed as vermin. The ruler is to conduct himself with great shrewdness, keeping his ministers and family at a distance and not revealing his intentions. Strong penalties should deter people from committing crime. History The origins of Legalist thought are unclear. Some would date it as far back as the teaching of the 7th century BCE statesman Kuan Chung (d. 645 BCE), prime minister of the state of Chi, whose teachings are supposed to be represented by the Kuan-tzu. Other figures associated with an early form of legalism are Shang Yang (d. 338 BCE), the putative author of The Book of Lord Shang, and Shen Pu-hai (d. 337 BCE). Shang Yang was particularly important for the development of legalism since it was he who served as governor of the state of Chin and strengthened it to the extent that it was able to unify China in the following century. It was, however, Han Fei-tzu (d. 33 BCE) who systematised the various strands of Legalism in his work The Han Fei-tzu. Han Fei-tzu had been taught by the Confucianist Hsun-tzu, whose philosophy claimed that people were basically evil but could be guided towards goodness. Han Fei-tzu adopted and developed Hsun-tzus negative pessimistic attitude towards human nature by teaching that people were so bad that t hey needed to be controlled by strong government and strict laws. This principle was put into practice by the Chin dynasty, which on unifying China in 221 BCE, destroyed the feudal system and placed the country under a single monarch. Under the Chin dynasty land was privatised, a uniform law code was established, and weights, measures and currency were standardised. Confucianism was severely persecuted; hundreds of Confucian scholars were killed and virtually all Confucian texts were destroyed. The two most powerful figures in the Ching dynasty were Chin Shih Huang Ti (d. 210 BCE), the first emperor, and the prime minister, Li Ssu (d. 208 BCE). The death of Li Ssu created a power vacuum which led to peasant uprisings and rebellions that broke out all over the country. In 207 BCE the Chin dynasty was overthrown and replaced by the Han dynasty, which favoured Confucianism. The viciousness of the Chin dynasty served to discredit Legalism. In spite of this legalism left its heritage in the form of a strongly centralised political system that would define Chinese government up until the present day and influence despotic Chinese rulers. When, for example, in 1973 Mao Tse Tung launched a campaign against his political opponents he identified himself with the first Chin emperor. Activism and reform Activism onsists of intentional efforts to promote, impede or direct social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing businesses, rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, and hunger strikes. Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1947 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court: 1947. Philosophy s the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word philosophy comes from the Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. Science (from Latin scientia, meaning knowledge) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle), science refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained (see History and philosophy below). Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. In the early modern era the words science and philosophy were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called natural science) was considered a separate branch of philosophy. However, science continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science. In modern use, science more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is often treated as synonymous with ‘natural and physical science’, and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use. D. Importance of the Study While both behaviorism and positive political theory exemplify the commitment to scientific rigor hoped for by Charles Merriam, the Cold War development of area studies had a less direct relationship to its predecessors. Prior to World War II, Americans had been inwardly focused; during this earlier era, comparative politics signified contrasting European parliamentary-style democracy with the American presidential model. However, with the rise of Adolf Hitlers Germany and Joseph Stalins Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s, it became evident that democracy needed to be assessed in comparison to fascism and totalitarianism. As the world broke into the two camps of Eastern communism and Western democracy in the 1950s and 1960s, and American political leaders required detailed knowledge of Eastern bloc nations and of Southeast Asia, political science departments and specialized institutes responded to this need. These undertakings were generously funded by the National Defense Education Act (NDEA); from 1958 to 1973 the NDEA Title IV provided $68. 5 million to the approximately 100 language and area centers. By 1973, these centers had produced 35,500 B. A. s, 14,700 M. A. s, and over 5,000 Ph. D. s. Area studies focused on questions of modernization and industrialization and strove to understand the differing developmental logic of non-Western cultures; they embraced diverse methods for understanding native languages and native cultures and remained skeptical of approaches to comparative politics adopting universalizing assumptions. Lucian W. Pye, Robert E. Ward, and Samuel P. Huntington championed the approach, with Huntingtons Clash of Civilizations (1996) epitomizing the perspective afforded by the field. E. Definition of Terms Legalism, Legalism is a political philosophy that does not address higher questions pertaining to the nature and purpose of existence. It is concerned with the most effective way of governing society. The legalist tradition derives from the principle that the best way to control human behaviour is through written law rather than through ritual, custom or ethics. The two principal sources of Legalist doctrine were the Book of Lord Shang and the Han Fei-tzu. The Book of Lord Shang teaches that laws are designed to maintain the stability of the state from the people, who are innately selfish and ignorant. There is no such thing as objective goodness or virtue; it is obedience that is of paramount importance. The Han Fei-tzu advocates a system of laws that enable the ruler to govern efficiently and even ruthlessly. Text books apart from law books are useless, and rival philosophies such as Moism and Confucianism are dismissed as vermin. The ruler is to conduct himself with great shrewdness, keeping his ministers and family at a distance and not revealing his intentions. Strong penalties should deter people from committing crime. Activism and reform Activism onsists of intentional efforts to promote, impede or direct social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing businesses, rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, and hunger strikes. Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1947 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court: 1947. Philosophy s the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word philosophy comes from the Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. Science (from Latin scientia, meaning knowledge) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of te stable explanations and predictions about the universe. In an older and closely related meaning (found, for example, in Aristotle), science refers to the body of reliable knowledge itself, of the type that can be logically and rationally explained (see History and philosophy below). Since classical antiquity science as a type of knowledge was closely linked to philosophy. In the early modern era the words science and philosophy were sometimes used interchangeably in the English language. By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called natural science) was considered a separate branch of philosophy. However, science continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as library science or political science. In modern use, science more often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is often treated as synonymous with ‘natural and physical science’, and thus restricted to those branches of study that relate to the phenomena of the material universe and their laws, sometimes with implied exclusion of pure mathematics. This is now the dominant sense in ordinary use. F. Review of the Related Study In the 1990s, disciplinary divisions existed over the efficacy and merits of the rational choice approach to politics, with many American political science departments divided into camps for and against. In leading centers for rational choice, including Rochester, Carnegie Mellon, California Institute of Technology, and George Washington, as many as half of the faculty adopted this method of study. Disciplinary controversy culminated in the publication of Donald P. Green and Ian Shapiros Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory (1994), and the responding issue of Critical Review (winter-spring 1995). Whereas the future of this disciplinary strife remains unclear, it is clear that the rational choice theory has an ascendant position across the social sciences and in the spheres of business, law, and public policy. American political science continues to question its identity, and to reflect on appropriate research methodology; methodological pluralism continues to reign. The fields continued self-examination reflects three independent axes. One embodies the two extremes of particular and localized studies versus universalizing analyses; a second is defined by the extremes of considering either groups or individuals as the key to analysis; and a third is represented by the belief that a normative stance is unavoidable at one extreme, and by a firm commitment to the possibility of objectivity at the other extreme. In the midst of the numerous topics and methods structuring political science, one certainty is that it is no longer possible for a single individual to master the entire field. G. Summary he study of government and political processes, institutions, and behavior. Government and politics have been studied and commented on since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, it is only with the general systematization of the social sciences in the last 100 years that political science has emerged as a separate definable area of study. Political science is commonly divided into a number of subfields, the most prominent being political theory, national government, comparative government, international relations, and special areas shared with other social sciences such as sociology, psychology, and economics. In practice, these subfields overlap. Political theory encompasses the following related areas: the study of the history of political thought; the examination of questions of justice and morality in the context of the relationships between individuals, society, and government; and the formulation of conceptual approaches and models in order to understand more fully political and governmental processes. The study of national government focuses on the political system of the researchers particular country, including the legal and constitutional arrangements and institutions; the interaction of various levels of government, other social and political groups, and the individual; and proposals for improving governmental structure and policy. Comparative government covers many of the same subjects but from the perspective of parallel political behavior in several countries, regions, or time periods. International relations deals both with the more traditional areas of study, such as international law, diplomacy, political economy, international organizations, and other forms of contact between nation states, and with the development of general, scientific models of international political systems. None of the political science subfields can be clearly separated. All of them, for example, deal with questions closely associated with political theory. Valuable and sophisticated discussions of almost all the areas of political science, including the areas now generally classified under such titles as political sociology, can be found throughout intellectual history as far back as Plato and Aristotle. Through the centuries, the questions of political science have been discussed in contexts varying with the changing perspectives of the time. During the Middle Ages, for example, the major concerns revolved around the problem of where the state stood in relation to man and his God. Karl Marx, on the other hand, viewed political questions in the context of societys economic structure. Modern political science stresses the importance of using political concepts and models that are subject to empirical validation and that may be employed in solving practical political problems. H. Conclusion and recommendation This research is all about the study of the state, government, and politics. The idea that the study of politics should be ‘scientific’ has excited controversy for centuries. What is at stake is the nature of our political knowledge, but the content of the argument has varied enormously.

What were Stalins Motives for Soviet expansion, defensive or expansionist Essay Example

What were Stalins Motives for Soviet expansion, defensive or expansionist Paper By 1920 the Bolsheviks were in a very weak position and Russia as a whole had to come to terms with its own vulnerability in a hostile world. Stalin decided on the extension of the soviet control to eastern Europe. This policy aimed to protect the interests rather than stirring up world revolution. In other words it was too become defensive rather than aggressive, however the west refused to believe this and still had there minds set that Stalin was planning the spread of world revolution. This is what I will discuss in my essay, was it defensive or expansionist? Firstly Ill look at why the people believed it was expansionist, in other words to spread world communism. Stalin had always believed in communist revolution. This was also seen by Truman which introduced the permanent revolution. This was the belief that Russia would not survive because of conflict between capitalism and communism was inevitable. However at the time Stalin put this too the side as he thought it wasnt important but it wasnt forgotten in the future. One of the main reasons that people believed that Stalin was too expand rather than be defensive was the introduction of Comintern. This was an organisation to factilate contacts between communist groups throughout the world. It encouraged people ( communists) to stir up unrest across Europe. Another significant event to consider which supports this view is the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945. We will write a custom essay sample on What were Stalins Motives for Soviet expansion, defensive or expansionist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What were Stalins Motives for Soviet expansion, defensive or expansionist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What were Stalins Motives for Soviet expansion, defensive or expansionist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To the west the imposition of communist governments on eastern Europe, the civil war in Greece, where communist were attempting to remove the monarchists, the takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948 and the soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948-9 were all seen as evidence of Stalins intention to spread communism. One last key reason was Keenan views, he said that foreign threats would mobilise the population in order to secure its own position. However this view by the West and communism was misleading as they based there views on assumptions. They didnt have a understanding of the motives and the reality of the soviet position in 1945. On the other hand some say that Stalins motives appeared to be more defensive. Soviet foreign policy must be seen within the context of western hostility in the USSR, which has existed since its beginning, One reasons people see it as defensive and some solid evidence of this was the buffer zone which was created by Stalin, this was to protect the soviet union from invasion from the west. In 1945 exhaustion occurred due to the war effort and made the USSR concerned to protect its borders, this is an example of defensive Expansion. After the war there was a sense of insecurity and Stalin responded by being defensive, Him and his minister itemised the destruction of towns, villages, industrial complexes and collective farms. This resulted in the soviets being obsessed with security, which is a massive defensive issue and they introduced a zone of satellite states in Eastern Europe. The security could only be safeguard by a ring of buffer states in eastern Europe,e He hoped that other countries would be friendly to the soviet union, he took firm measures to ensure this. It wasnt until later than Stalin insisted on communist regimes in the Stalinist model as a response to a us policy towards the USSR. Shortly after this free elections saw Stalin agree to the Yalta would not guarantee the USSR the security it needed. Greece could be left to the west but eastern Europe was not negotiable. This resulted in the soviet union feeling they deserved the right to impose control of the region to secure its defensive needs. However communism was spread to eastern Europe Overall I believe that the soviet union was bait defensive and a bit expansionist. Soviet foreign policy under Stalin was dominated by the cautions implementation of the defensive strategy to secure the interests of the USSR. However the US government clouded by notions of world communism revolution failed to understand this and they misunderstood the whole situation, and Stalins lack of skills led the Misconceptions around the world.

How Emotional Intelligence Influences Leadership

How Emotional Intelligence Influences Leadership One may think of a perfect leader and come up with many alternatives. It could be a leader with a high-level of managing temper irrespective of the challenge, a leader who has absolute trust in his or her employees, listens, makes intelligent decisions, and provides feedback and has others desirable qualities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How Emotional Intelligence Influences Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are qualities of a leader with high standards of emotional intelligence. In this article, the writer explores how emotional intelligence influences leadership, employee motivation and performance. It also shows how a leader can improve on emotional intelligence because they can learn, although with a great effort and commitment. Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to comprehend and manage one’s emotions and emotions of other people (Salovey and Mayer 185). Leaders who ha ve high-levels of emotional intelligence understand their feelings, meanings of their emotions and effects of those emotions on other people. For people in leadership positions, having EI is critical for success. Daniel Goleman is an American psychologist who perfected EI. He focused on five key elements of EI, which could influence leadership. These included self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, social skills, and motivation. Goleman believes that â€Å"effective leaders are alike in one way: they all have a high degree of emotional intelligence† (Goleman 94). Leaders who tend to manage these elements normally have high standards of emotional intelligence. Self-awareness helps leaders to understand their own feelings. In addition, they also understand how their emotions and actions could affect their staff. Self-awareness also allows leaders to understand their own strengths and weaknesses. This makes leaders to act or behave with humility. Leaders with self-awareness de monstrate a high degree of self-confidence, realistic self-assessment, and self-deprecating sense of humor (Goleman 95). Leaders can improve on self-awareness by tracking their thoughts, feelings, and actions through journals. In addition, they can also mitigate their feelings of anger and other strong emotions. It is imperative to note that irrespective of prevailing situations, people can choose how to react. Self-regulation is a quality that allows leaders to stay in control of their decisions, maintain their values, and avoid stereotyping or attacking others. Such leaders can control disruptive emotions and think before taking any action. In addition, they also have high degrees of integrity, embrace change, and tolerate ambiguity.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goleman observes that self-regulation allows leaders to be flexible and be personally acco untable because it demands integrity and trustworthiness from leaders (Goleman 98). Leaders can use some strategies to improve on their abilities to self-regulate. First, it is important for leaders to understand their values and know factors that can make them to compromise those values. This allows leaders to understand important values for them, avoid ethical dilemmas, and make right ethical decisions. Moreover, leaders who understand themselves are able to create an environment of trust and fairness. Second, leaders need to hold themselves accountable in order to develop self-regulating abilities. Some leaders blame their teams because of failures. Instead, leaders should be accountable, review failures, and face their consequences. This makes leaders accountable and improves trust within the team. Finally, leaders should learn to remain calm in all situations, even in a challenging situation. They should learn to relieve stress without affecting others. Stress and conflicts are also present in medical organizations. For instance, Jeanne Morrison noted cases of conflicts and stress in the nursing profession because of â€Å"inadequate salary, a lack of appreciation and fairness, increasing workloads with critical cases and poor relations with colleagues† (Morrison 974). Hence, the need to understand how to handle stress and conflicts in medical organizations was critical for employees. Morrison noted that it was impossible to eliminate conflicts and stress at workplaces but observed that learning â€Å"essential emotional intelligence (EI) skills could be helpful† (Morrison 975). Leaders must understand how to control their strong emotions and negative feelings and thoughts. Self-motivated leaders have tendencies of working constantly toward their objectives. Moreover, they believe in exceptionally high stands of achievements. These leaders have deep desire to achieve just for the sake of impressive results. In addition, they also show energy , persistence, optimism, commitment to organizations and strong drive to excel. Leaders who lack a sense of motivation should improve on it. First, a leader and his or her staff should re-examine their jobs and understand their roles and contributions to organizations. Leaders should motivate people through appreciation and in some cases, through monetary rewards. A leader should understand factors that lead to a lack of motivation within his or her team and formulate strategic ways of motivating employees. Most importantly, leaders must understand how motivated they are by assessing themselves in order to lead others. Leaders should be optimistic amidst failure and find reasons to put effort in their roles. Motivated leaders tend to analyze a situation, understand causes of failures, and master lesson learned for improvement. For such leaders, situations tend to be positive rather than negative. Motivated employees are likely to performance best than others.Advertising We w ill write a custom research paper sample on How Emotional Intelligence Influences Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another factor of emotional intelligence is empathy. For a leader, empathy is an imperative factor that can lead to successful leadership in an organization. Leaders with empathy understand situations of others, their emotional composition, and possess skills required to react to other people based on their emotions. These leaders have abilities to build and retain talents, show cross-cultural sensitivity and offer services to their stakeholders. Hence, leaders with empathy develop others within the team, challenge team members who have negative attitudes, listen, and provide constructive feedback to team members. Leaders who have earned respect and loyalty in organizations are empathetic toward others. One can learn empathy by understanding others’ situations. Although it is simple to maintain one’s pos ition and point of view, it is advisable to understand situations from others’ perspectives too. Empathy also involves understanding body language. Body language could tell others how one feels about a position. Leaders who have mastered the art of body language understand how people feel when they address them. As a result, they are able to respond appropriately in a given situation. Leaders should also learn how to respond to feelings of others, especially in cases where employees feel that their jobs are frustrating them. Leaders who understand social skills as a component of emotional intelligence also understand communication skills, interpersonal relations, and conflict resolution among others. They are good at building new relations and maintaining networks with colleagues. Moreover, such leaders can find neutral grounds and create rapport in a team. Leaders who possess social skills are good in leading organizational change, persuading others, and building teams. Such leaders can accommodate both good and bad news. They can also get support from team members to support new initiatives. Social skills allow such leaders to resolve conflicts cautiously, get logical conclusions and demonstrate leadership through their own actions. One can build social skills by learning how to resolve conflicts in organizations and with other external partners. Improving communication skills can help leaders to develop their emotional intelligence and communicate effectively. Team members also require praise from their leaders. This inspires team effort and loyalty. In order to be an effective leader, a broad understanding of emotions and their impacts on others is imperative for leaders. A good leader relates and works effectively with different members of an organization. This leads to successful leadership. As Goleman shows, emotional intelligence makes a leader. Hence, leaders should improve on their self-awareness, motivation, social skills, self-regulation, an d empathy. Leaders should understand their emotions, emotions of others and express them appropriately.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People who understand their emotions also understand emotions of others and predict reactions in different situations. Thus, emotional intelligence influences leadership by trying to improve it and create a favorable working environment in an organization, which contributes positively in employee motivation and job performance. Luckily, previous studies and Goleman show that one can learn emotional intelligence (Goleman 92; Guillà ©n and Florent-Treacy 2-30). It is not simple to develop emotional intelligence through normal studying of available literature (Davies 1). Instead, the process requires training, practice, effort, and support. Under some circumstances, employees may provide feedback on leadership performance and management styles of executives based on their behavioral outcomes and evaluation criteria. Although some leaders may consider such feedback as threatening and confronting, particularly if they do not appreciate feedback from juniors, it is the most imperative pr ocess in developing leadership emotional intelligence because feedback helps in identification of gaps and areas for improvement. Davies, Sean. Leadership in Action: Emotional intelligence and leadership. n.d. Web. Goleman, Daniel. What makes a leader. Harvard Business Review (1998): 92-103. Print. Guillà ©n, Laura and Elizabeth Florent-Treacy. Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness: The Mediating Influence of Collaborative Behaviors. 2011. Web. https://sites.insead.edu/facultyresearch/research/doc.cfm?did=47210. Morrison, Jeanne. The relationship between emotional intelligence competencies and preferred conflict-handling styles. Journal of Nursing Management 16 (2008): 974–983. Print. Salovey, Peter and John Mayer. Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition, and personality 9.3 (1990): 185-211. Print.

Non-Traditional courses Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non-Traditional courses - Term Paper Example Non-Traditional courses Nontraditional courses are slowly finding their way in the curriculum of various colleges and universities. Students get a formal scholarly education, for instance, on rock music, vampires, or Star Trek.This paper begins by outlining the characteristics of quality education. The qualities of nontraditional courses that embody quality education are then highlighted. It is concluded that nontraditional courses complement traditional courses and, therefore, should be offered by schools. Nontraditional Courses and Quality Education Quality education equips students with the proper set of knowledge and skills they need to excel in their chosen discipline, commits a holistic approach to learning by considering the theoretical as well as the practical sides of knowledge, aligns itself with contemporary times, and makes learning fun. Students are equipped with the right set of knowledge and skills in nontraditional courses, although it may appear it different form and content. For example, t here are certain disciplines that warrant the teaching of nontraditional courses. In a Television Studies class, for instance, an entire course devoted to " Dallas " and "Dynasty" is deemed necessary. In other instances, cultural, political, and social concepts are best illustrated through these courses. Explaining gender roles or racial identities as demonstrated in â€Å"Dallas" satisfies learning objectives. ... Rock Culture" course, for instance, students readily see how theories of culture, ideology, and ethnicity play out in the seemingly innocent and value-free discipline of music. In studying "Star Trek", students get to learn and immediately apply valuable life lessons the film portrays. By constantly exposing students to these courses, their ability to find theoretical explanations of a phenomenon and apply them in real-life situations would be enhanced. What nontraditional courses offer which traditional courses lack is the attachment to the concrete and immediate realities of life. They are not widely detached from the phenomena or environment they seek to explain. Nontraditional courses, then, offer students a holistic view of the world by combining theory and practice. The most important defining characteristic of nontraditional courses, arguably, is their ability to reflect contemporary cultural, social, and political landscapes. These courses are able to capture specific moments of cultural, social, and political histories. Constantly moving and changing, they are never stuck in the past. These courses use contemporary events to explain contemporary life. A course on "MTV (music television)", which in itself is an amalgamation of contemporary culture and social landscapes, provides students with knowledge that is aligned with contemporary realities. It teaches students a specific set of knowledge while drawing on their own experiences of watching MTV. While traditional courses can practically impart the same knowledge, the attachment of nontraditional courses to the contemporary times makes learning more concrete, practical, and immediate. Finally, nontraditional courses make learning more interesting and fun. Because of their rigid structure, traditional courses